Na-arịwanye elu, ndị na-elekọta ubi na-ahọrọ iji nri fatịlaịza dị ka nri. Otu n'ime ha bụ peat. Otú ọ dị, mara na ọ gaghị adabara ala niile. Ee, ma mee ka fatịlaịza a bụrụ ihe amamihe dị na ya, ka ọ ghara imerụ osisi ma ọ bụ ala.
Banyere ihe dị na peat, otú o si eme na otu esi etinye ya n'ọrụ n'ụzọ dị mma n'ụdị fatịlaịza n'ubi ubi, gụọ na ngalaba ndị na-esonụ.
Ị ma? Peat achọpụtala ngwa ngwa na mpaghara dị iche iche. A na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka mmanụ ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ ọha na eze, dị ka ihe ọkụkụ na-arụ ọrụ, dịka ihe fatịlaịza na ọrụ ugbo, ihe ndị dị n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-emepụta ọgwụ, na-ehi ụra n'ime nri anụ. A na-eji uru ndị bara uru nke peat eme ihe na nkà mmụta ọgwụ.
Kedu ka esi akpụ akpụ na ọdịdị, ụdị nke peat
Peat - Ọ bụ ihe na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ na-ere ọkụ nke osisi. Ọ na-anọchite anya nnukwu okirikiri nke oji ma ọ bụ agba aja aja, bụ nke mejupụtara akụkụ ụfọdụ nke na-emepụta ihe ndị dị na ala ndị na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ.
N'okwu a, oke iru mmiri na enweghị oxygen gbochie nsị zuru oke nke osisi marsh. Enwere echiche na peat bụ nhazi mbụ nke nchịkwa ọka.
Dị ka ihe e ji eme ihe, a na-akpụ peat na peat bogs, na ndagwurugwu, na waterheds. Nchịkọta ya nwere ike ime na millennia. Peat dị n'elu ala ma ọ bụ na obere (ruo 10 m) omimi n'okpuru ihe nkedo nke ịnweta ịnweta.
Ị ma? Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụle na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọgbọ ụwa na-etinye na 250 ruo 500 ijeri tọn. Peatlands nwere pasent 3 nke ala.Dabere na ọnọdụ na-arịwanye elu na nchịkọta nke osisi ndị na-etolite ihe okike a, a na-ekewa peat n'ime atọ:
- ịnyịnya;
- dị ala;
- mgbanwe.
Banyere elu peat Isi mmalite sayensị na-ekwu na ọ bụ ịnweta, nke mejupụtara pasent 95 nke foduru nke osisi nke ụdị elu, ọtụtụ pine, pinch, ahịhịa ahịhịa, marsh sedge, wdg.
A na-eme ya na ebe ndị dị elu - slopes, waterheds, wdg. Ọ nwere mmeghachi omume acid (pH = 3.5-4.5) na nkwụsịtụ dị ala.
Na oru ugbo eji mee ihe maka composts, ihe oriri na mmiri, dị ka mulch, mkpụrụ maka greenhouses.
Lowland peat enwere pasent 95% nke na-emezughị osisi ndị dị ala. A na-etinye ya na vidio, alder, birch, willow, fern, reed na wdg.
Peat Lowland nwere nzaghachi ma ọ bụ adịghị ike acid (pH = 5.5-7.0), ekele nke e ji mee ihe iji belata acidity nke ala. Ọ bụ ihe bara uru ma baa ọgaranya na mineral (nwere ihe ruru 3% nitrogen, ruo 1% phosphorus). Nke ụdị niile, ihe kacha edozi ahụ na ngwa.
Ụdị mgbanwe O nwere 10-90% nke mkpụrụ osisi ndị na-adịghị na decomposed nke mkpụrụedemede elu, ndị ọzọ na-agụnye osisi nke ala dị ala.
Ekebere na ụdị enyemaka nchekwa. Ọ nwere mmeghachi omume acid dị arọ (pH = 4.5-5.5).
A na-eji peat na-agagharị na ala dị ala dị ka fatịlaịza maka ogige nri, n'ihi na ọ na-eweta uru dị ukwuu na ala.
A na-ekewa ụdị nke ọ bụla n'ime subtypes atọ, na-egosipụta nsị subtype nke ahịhịa sitere na ya. Ndị subtypes ndị a dị iche:
- oke ohia;
- ọhịa ọhịa;
- swampy.
- (nke nwere ihe dịkarịa ala 40% residues);
- osisi-herbal (nwere 15-35% nke ahịhịa residues, n'etiti ndị ọzọ - herbaceous predominate);
- akpu osisi (o nwere 13-35% nke ihe ndi ozo, n'etiti ndi ozo - asiti-ejide);
- ahihia (mejupụtara ihe ruru pasent 10 nke ihe ndị fọdụrụ na nkụ, ruo 30% nke mosses, ndị ọzọ bụ ahịhịa ndụ);
- moss (nke a na - ejide: residues osisi - 10%, mosses - 35-65%, ahịhịa ndụ);
- akpaetu (nwere ihe nkedo 10%, 70% nke akpa).
N'ọrụ ugbo, a na-ekewa peat n'ime otu abuo:
- ìhè (ìhè);
- arọ (ọchịchịrị).
Ihe omume nke peat, mineral properties
Iji na-emeso ọdịdị nke peat, tụlee ihe mejupụtara na ihe onwunwe nke akụrụngwa a. Ya mere, peat mejupụtara:
- humus (nke na-adabaghị na ngwaahịa);
- ihe omuma;
- mmiri.
- carbon - 40-60%;
- hydrogen - 5%;
- oxygen - 2-3%;
- sulfur, phosphorus, potassium - na obere ego.
Ị ma? Ụfọdụ ndị nwere ajụjụ: "Ọ bụ ịnweta ịnweta ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị?". E kwesịrị ịtụle ya dị ka nkume na-edozi ahụ.N'ihi nnukwu carbon ọdịnaya, okpomọkụ nke combustion nke peat bụ 21-25 MJ / kg, nke nwere ike ịbawanye na nkwonkwo na ọdịnaya nke ogige organic - bitumen.
Ọdịdị, usoro na ihe onwunwe nke mgbanwe a na-emepụta dị ka akụkụ nke mgbanwe mgbanwe. Ya mere, agba na-agbanwe site na odo odo ruo nwa. Ihe dị iche na ogo nke nkwarụ ga-abụ ihe - ọdịdị ma ọ bụ amorphous, yana porosity.
N'ihe dị elu nke njedebe nke peat, ihe na-erughị ya ga-enwe ihe mmiri na-edozi mmiri na mmiri dị mfe, na nke dị elu ga-abụ ọdịnaya nke mmiri acid na-abụghị nke hydrolyzed.
Ị ma? Banyere ihe ndị mara mma nke mara amara kemgbe oge ochie. Ihe mbụ a na-ekwu banyere ya bụ ihe odide nke ọkà mmụta Rom bụ Pliny the Elder, nke dị 77 AD. E nwere isi ihe ndị na-egosi na e jiri peat mee ihe na XII-XIII narị afọ na Scotland na Holland. Na Russia, a malitere ịmalite ọmụmụ ihe na narị afọ nke iri na asaa.
Isi ihe onwunwe nke peat bụ nchịkọta carbon na ngwaahịa photosynthesis.Ịtọ ya n'ala na-enyere aka melite mmiri na breathability, porosity, microbio and nutritional composition.
Ke adianade do, peat nwere ike ịgwọ ala, belata ụdị nitrates n'ime ya, belata mmetụta nke pesticides. N'ihi ọdịnaya nke humic na amino acid, ọ na-eme ka eto eto na mmepe. Njirimara ndị a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere peat ji baa uru maka ogige ahụ.
A na-eme atụmatụ peat na-adabere n'ụdị nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus. A na-atụlekwa ya dị ka njiri dị ka uyi, iru mmiri, uru dị elu, ogo nke nkwarụ.
Otu esi eji peat dika fatịlaịza
Ojiji nke ala dị ala na nke mgbanwe na dacha dịka fatịlaịza na-enye ohere iji melite ihe ndị dị na ala nke ala, na-eme ka ikuku-na mmiri na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo elu. Ọzọkwa, peat nwere mmetụta bara uru na mmepe nke usoro osisi mgbọrọgwụ.
Ọ kachasị mma itinye ya n'elu ala ájá na ụrọ. Iji na-eri nri fatịlaịza na-adabere na ala ndị na-eme nri na-eme ka mmiri dị ala 4-5% bụ ihe efu. Ma, ọ bara uru iji mee loam, ajụjụ na-emeghe, nkwurịta okwu banyere nke a ka na-aga n'ihu.
Ebe ọ bụ na ọnụ elu nwere ike ịkpasu acidification nke ala, a naghị eji ya dị ka fatịlaịza, eji mee ihe maka ala mulching. Otú ọ dị, ọ bara uru ịme ndoputa na e nwere ọtụtụ osisi na-achọ kpọmkwem acidic ma ọ bụ ubé acidic ala mgbe ị na-akụ. Ndị a gụnyere blueberries, heather, rhododendron, hydrangea. Osisi ndị dị otú a na-akwa nri na mulch na ụdị peat.
Ka ọ bụrụ na ị na-eri nri nke ndị na-eto eto, ọ dị mkpa iji peat, nke nwere ogo nke decomposition nke ọ dịkarịa ala 30-40%. Ọzọkwa, mgbe ị banyere n'ime ala kwesịrị ịṅa ntị n'ihe ndị dị mkpa:
- obere peat tupu e jiri ya mee ihe na ikuku na ikuku;
- E kwesịghị ịṅụ ihe eji akwa ákwà (oke mma - 50-70%).
Ọ dị mkpa! Na hotikoisho na floriculture, a naghị eji ya eme ihe na-acha ọcha, a na-eji ya eme ihe na-eme ka osisi na-emepụta nri na ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ma ọ bụ compost. Ngwa dị ọcha nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-adighi njọ ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ ma na-emerụ ala.Ka ị ghara imerụ uwe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, ị ga-ebu ụzọ mara ọnụego ntụpọ peat. Enwere uzo iji mata ya.
Iji mee nke a, ịkwesịrị iwepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke peat, gbanye aka n'úkwù, wee jide akwụkwọ mpempe akwụkwọ ọcha.
Ọ bụrụ na ala na-adịghị ike na-anọgide ma ọ bụ na ọ dịghị ahụ anya, ogo nke decomposition abụghị ihe karịrị 10%.
Ụzọ nke edo edo, ụcha isi ma ọ bụ agba aja aja aja na-egosi ihe dịka 10com percent decomposition.
Brown, agba aja aja-agba aja aja na-egosi na peat nwere biocomass decomposed site 20-35%.
N'ibu ogo kachasị elu - 35-50% - peat stains akwụkwọ na agba chaa chaa, aja aja ma ọ bụ agba ojii, ka ncha ahụ ga-adị mma. Ọ ga-ekpuchi aka gị.
Ọ bụrụ na peat nwere ihe ndị mebiri site na pasent 50 ma ọ bụ karịa, a ga-ese ya na agba ọchịchịrị.
Ojiji nke peat na ubi ubi ga-ekwe omume na:
- ngwa ala iji meziwanye ihe ọ na-eme;
- nkwadebe nke mkpụrụ maka akuku;
- dị ka akụrụngwa maka nkwadebe nke nri;
- dị ka mulch maka nchekwa nke osisi tupu oge oyi;
- maka ịmepụta ihe ndị dị na peat maka seedlings, na-ewusi elu ugwu, ndokwa ahịhịa.
Ebumnuche bụ isi, ihe mere ị ga - eji mee ka ọkpụkpụ gị, bụ iji meziwanye ihe onwunwe nke ala. Iji mezuo ya, peat n'oge ọ bụla na-atụnye 2-3 bọket kwa 1 square mita. Nke a ga-ezuru iji mụbaa 1%. A pụrụ ime uwe mgbakwasị dị otú a kwa afọ, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ mee ka ogo ala dị mma.
Mgbe a na-eji mulching dị ka peat dị ọcha, ma na-agwakọta ya na sawdust, ogwu, ihe ogwu, ahịhịa, nri.
Ọ dị mkpa! Tupu mulching, belata acidity nke peat site na itinye nkụ ash, wayo ma ọ bụ ntụ ọka dolomite.Otú ọ dị, ọ bara uru karịsịa iji peat dịka fatịlaịza n'ụdị compost.
Peat compost: esi mee na otú e si ifatilaiza osisi
E nwere ọtụtụ nhọrọ maka ịme compost si peat.
Peat compost. Ventilated peat mmiri 70% dina a oyi akwa nke 45 cm n'okpuru kanopi ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri. Ha na-eme n'ime ya ebe a na-agbanye anụ anụmanụ ahụ, na-efesa ha na peat ka ha wee tinye ha kpamkpam. N'akụkụ nke ọ bụla, a na-ewusi compost ike na ụwa iji kee microclimate pụrụ iche. Mgbe ihe onwunwe compost dị, a na-eme ya mmiri. Ọ ga-adị mma maka ojiji mgbe otu afọ gasịrị. Ọ ka mma itinye na mmiri. Nri - 2-3 n'arọ / 1 square. m
Compost si peat na nri. Maka nkwadebe nke fatịlaịza a ga-ejikọta nri ọ bụla: ịnyịnya, anụ ọkụkọ, ehi. Ụkpụrụ ahụ bụ itinye akwa peat (50 cm) na akwa ntụ nri. Ogologo ibe edokọbara ekwesịghị ịfe 1.5 mita. Ejiri peat dị ka akwa n'elu. Ozugbo ọ bụla 1.5-2 ọnwa, a ga-agwakọta compost ahụ, na-agbanwe agbanwe na ebe.
I kwesịkwara ịṅụ mmiri ọgwụ na-eme ka mmiri na-aga, mmiri ọgwụ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe oriri.
Compost si peat, nri, sawdust. Ntụziaka a ga-agwa gị otu esi enweta ihe dị mma nke mere onwe ya n'elu-mgbakwasa dabeere na peat. A kwadebere ya dị ka achịcha achicha. A na-awụda oyi akwa nke peat, a na-etinye ahịhịa na 10cm, ahịhịa, n'elu, na ihe oriri na-ezuru 20 cm n'ịdị elu. Mgbe ahụ, ọ bụrụ na ọ dị, a na-awụnye akwa nke 20 cm.
A na-etinye akwa nke peat n'elu. Okpokọta niile ekwesịghị ịfe 1.5 m. Site na n'akụkụ ọ na-ekpuchi ụwa. Tinye akwụkwọ compost mgbe afọ 1-1.5 gasịrị. N'oge a nile ọ dị mkpa iji kpoo ya, wụsa ya na ngwọta nke superphosphate, slurry. Mee mmiri na ọnụego nke 1-2 n'arọ / 1 square. m
Ọ dị mkpa! A ghaghị ichebe ebe a na-etinye compost site na ìhè anyanwụ, na-ewuru ha mgbidi. Na mgbụsị akwụkwọ ha na-ekpuchi na epupụta dara.
A na-etinye ọgwụ compost n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka nri - a na-agbasasị ya na shọvel na saịtị ahụ ma ọ bụ fesa ala gburugburu kporo osisi, na-esote na-egwu ala, ẹbaba n'ime olulu mmiri tupu akuku. Ị ghaghị ịgbaso nduzi ndị a tụrụ aro:
- maka egwu ala - 30-40 n'arọ / 1 square. m;
- na pristvolny gburugburu, oghere - a akwa 5-6 cm oké.
Peat dịka fatịlaịza: ihe niile na uru
Anyị lere anya na njirimara na njirimara nke peat na ihe eji ya. N'akụkụ a, anyị ga-agba mbọ ịghọta ikike nke iji fatịlaịza a, nakwa iji tụnyere ihe bara uru ya na ihe ndị ọzọ.
Ojiji nke nanị otu peat dị ka fatịlaịza adịghị enwe ike ịmalite nsonaazụ ndị a tụrụ anya - ọ ka mma iji ụdị ejiji ndị ọzọ n'ụdị ihe na-emepụta ihe.
Taa, mgbe nri fatịlaịza na-apụta ìhè na ngwa ahia maka ire ere, ndị na-elekọta ubi na ndị na-elekọta ugbo nwere nhọrọ siri ike n'ịhọrọ nke ịwụnye n'elu iji nye. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-eche: peat ma ọ bụ humus - nke ka mma, mgbe ahụ, anyị na-ahụ na ha dị mma ma ọ bụghị dị ala karịa ibe ha na ihe oriri ha. Otú ọ dị, ọkpụkpọ ahụ ga-achọ ihe dị ala karịa humus. Ya mere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ibé ala mita 10. m ga-achọ peat - 20 n'arọ, humus - 70 n'arọ.
Ọzọ, ị ga-achọ ịghọta ihe mere ịchọrọ iji otu fatịlaịza. Ọ bụrụ na ala dara ogbenye, mgbe mbụ, ị ga-ebu ụzọ melite ya site na enyemaka nke peat, ma mesịa gaa ọmụmụ ya, mee humus. I nwekwara ike iji egwu egwu egwu, ma kpuchie ya na oyi akwa nke humus n'elu maka mmetuta ka mma.
Ọtụtụ mgbe enwere nsogbu tupu ndị nwe ala ahịhịa: ala ma ọ bụ ala ojii - nke ka mma. Akwukwo ndi ozo di na humus - ihe ndi ozo, nke di mkpa maka uto osisi.
Otú ọ dị, ala ojii a bụ nke kasị oria ọrịa na pests, bụ nke na-atụ egwu owuwe ihe ubi n'ọdịnihu.
Peat nwekwara humus na ego mgbe ụfọdụ nke na-adị na ala ojii. Ọ bụrụ na ejikọta ya na ájá, perlite (vermiculite), humus, mgbe ahụ, mkpụrụ a ga-eme ka ala ojii ghara ịdị na ya.
Ugbu a, ị maara ihe zuru ezu banyere peat, ihe ọ bụ maka na otu esi etinye ya n'ọrụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Ọ bụrụ na egosiri nri ọka na ala na mpaghara gị, mezie ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma, iji zere ọdachi ndị na-adịghị mma.
